{"id":7185,"date":"2020-01-30T15:12:51","date_gmt":"2020-01-30T13:12:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.apador.org\/?p=7185"},"modified":"2020-08-05T15:41:31","modified_gmt":"2020-08-05T13:41:31","slug":"cine-are-dreptate-in-disputa-alegerilor-in-doua-tururi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apador.org\/en\/cine-are-dreptate-in-disputa-alegerilor-in-doua-tururi\/","title":{"rendered":"Cine are dreptate \u00een disputa alegerilor \u00een dou\u0103 tururi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"qtranxs-available-languages-message qtranxs-available-languages-message-en\">Sorry, this entry is only available in <a href=\"https:\/\/apador.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7185\" class=\"qtranxs-available-language-link qtranxs-available-language-link-ro\" title=\"Rom\u00e2n\u0103\">Rom\u00e2n\u0103<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>O solu\u0163ie a Comisiei de la Vene\u0163ia pentru stabilitatea legisla\u0163iei electorale<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Se discut\u0103 intens \u00een aceste zile despre modificarea legii privind alegerea primarilor \u00een dou\u0103 tururi, clasa politic\u0103 fiind dezbinat\u0103 \u0219i de aceast\u0103 tem\u0103. Unii spun c\u0103 guvernul nu a procedat corect modific\u00e2nd legisla\u021bia electoral\u0103 \u00een anul alegerilor, al\u021bii spun c\u0103 e mai bine s\u0103 \u00eendrep\u021bi o eroare, fie \u0219i \u00een ceasul al doisprezecelea, dec\u00e2t s-o la\u0219i s\u0103 mai produc\u0103 efecte. \u00cen cazul alegerilor locale miza este, dup\u0103 cum bine \u0219tie oricine, schimbarea unor lideri toxici care administreaz\u0103 ora\u0219e av\u00e2nd \u00een spate un num\u0103r mic de voturi, ob\u021binute \u00eentr-un singur tur, cu absenteism masiv. Varianta alegerilor \u00een dou\u0103 tururi, deci, apare ca fiind o solu\u021bie echitabil\u0103 pentru a asigura o reprezentativitate sporit\u0103 primarilor.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dar, dincolo de dorin\u021be personale \u0219i aspira\u021bii politice, ceea ce conteaz\u0103 este legea \u0219i respectarea ei. R\u0103m\u00e2ne a\u0219adar \u00eentrebarea: a procedat\u00a0 corect guvernul schimb\u00e2nd legisla\u021bia electoral\u0103 cu nici \u0219ase luni \u00eenaintea alegerilor?\u00a0 Se putea face altfel?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Ce spune legea?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La noi, legisla\u0163ia electoral\u0103 este adoptat\u0103 prin lege organic\u0103 (art. 73 al. 3 lit. a din Constitu\u0163ie).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Principala diferen\u0163\u0103 \u00eentre o lege organic\u0103 \u015fi o lege ordinar\u0103 (obi\u015fnuit\u0103) este c\u0103 pentru adoptarea unei legi organice este nevoie de acordul (votul) mai multor parlamentari dec\u00e2t \u00een cazul adopt\u0103rii unei legi ordinare.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Astfel, pentru adoptarea unei legi organice este nevoie de votul a jum\u0103tate plus unu din num\u0103rul parlamentarilor care fac parte din fiecare camer\u0103 (Camera Deputa\u0163ilor \u015fi Senat), \u00een timp ce pentru adoptarea unei legi ordinare este necesar votul a jum\u0103tate plus unu din num\u0103rul parlamentarilor <em>prezen\u0163i<\/em> la \u015fedin\u0163a din fiecare camer\u0103 \u00een care se adopt\u0103 proiectul respectivei legi (art. 76 al. 1 \u015fi 2 din Constitu\u0163ie).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chiar dac\u0103, teoretic, legea organic\u0103 este mai greu de modificat dec\u00e2t legea ordinar\u0103 (pentru c\u0103 modificarea ei necesit\u0103 votul unui num\u0103r mai ridicat de parlamentari, dec\u00e2t \u00een cazul legii ordinare), \u00een practic\u0103 legea organic\u0103 poate fi la fel se u\u015for de modificat ca \u015fi legea ordinar\u0103.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aceasta pentru c\u0103 \u015fi legea organic\u0103, nu doar cea ordinar\u0103, poate fi modificat\u0103 sau chiar abrogat\u0103 prin ordonat\u0103 de urgen\u0163\u0103 sau prin angajarea r\u0103spunderii guvernului. \u00cen cazul ordonan\u0163ei de urgen\u0163\u0103 (oug), exist\u0103 anumite restric\u0163ii cu privire la domeniile \u00een care pot fi adoptate (de exemplu, nu pot fi afectate prin oug drepturi sau libert\u0103\u0163i fundamentale; dar ele pot fi extinse), dar nu exist\u0103 interdic\u0163ia constitu\u0163ional\u0103 de a emite oug \u00een materia legilor organice. Numai prin ordonan\u0163ele simple nu pot fi modificate sau abrogate legi organice. Ordonan\u0163ele simple sunt \u00eens\u0103 o alt\u0103 categorie de acte normative dec\u00e2t ordonan\u0163ele de urgen\u0163\u0103.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Ce recomand\u0103 Comisia de la Vene\u021bia?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Comisia de la Vene\u0163ia recomand\u0103 stabilitatea legisla\u0163iei electorale. Aceast\u0103 stabilitate se poate realiza pe 2 c\u0103i alternative, conform comisiei:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>legisla\u0163ia electoral\u0103, \u00een special\u00a0 sistemul\u00a0 electoral\u00a0 propriu\u00a0 zis,\u00a0 componen\u0163a comisiilor electorale \u015fi delimitarea circumscrip\u0163iilor electorale, nu ar trebui s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi modificat\u0103 cu un an \u00eenainte alegeri.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SAU<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u00een materie electoral\u0103, \u00een special\u00a0 sistemul\u00a0 electoral\u00a0 propriu\u00a0 zis,\u00a0 componen\u0163a comisiilor electorale \u015fi delimitarea circumscrip\u0163iilor electorale, reglement\u0103rile ar trebui s\u0103 fie la nivel constitu\u0163ional (reglement\u0103rile s\u0103 fie incluse \u00een Constitu\u0163ie) sau la un nivel superior legii ordinare.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pe site-ul Autorit\u0103\u0163ii Electorale Permanente sunt publicate recomand\u0103rile Comisiei de la Vene\u0163ia \u00een materie electoral\u0103, documentul purt\u00e2nd denumirea \u201e<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.roaep.ro\/legislatie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/Codul-de-bune-practici-in-materie-electorala.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Codul bunelor practici \u00een materie electoral\u0103<\/a><\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cit\u0103m din recomand\u0103rile Comisiei de la Vene\u0163ia cu privire la stabilitatea legisla\u0163iei electorale, recomandare ce se afl\u0103 la pct. II.2.b din Codul de bune practici, respectiv \u00een subsec\u0163iunea &#8211; Nivelurile normative \u015fi stabilitatea dreptului electoral:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#dfb651;border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;-webkit-border-radius:2px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#f9d06b;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;-webkit-border-radius:2px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201c <em>b.\u00a0 Elementele\u00a0 fundamentale\u00a0 ale\u00a0 dreptului\u00a0 electoral,\u00a0 \u015fi\u00a0 \u00een\u00a0 special\u00a0 sistemul\u00a0 electoral\u00a0 propriu\u00a0 zis,\u00a0 componen\u0163a comisiilor electorale \u015fi delimitarea circumscrip\u0163iilor electorale, nu ar trebui s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi amendate <strong>\u00eenainte de un an <\/strong>de la alegeri <u>sau<\/u> ar trebui s\u0103 fie <strong>tratate la nivel constitu\u0163ional<\/strong> sau la un <strong>nivel superior legii ordinare<\/strong><\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">De asemenea, la pct. 65-67 din raportul explicativ care \u00eenso\u0163e\u015fte Codul bunelor practici \u00een materie electoral\u0103, se precizeaz\u0103 c\u0103:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201c<em>65. Ceea ce trebuie evitat, este nu at\u00e2t modificarea sistemelor de scrutin &#8211;\u00a0 ele pot\u00a0 fi \u00eentotdeauna \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163ite\u00a0 \u2013\u00a0 ci\u00a0 <strong>modificarea\u00a0 lor\u00a0 frecvent\u0103\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 sau\u00a0 cu\u00a0 pu\u0163in\u00a0 timp\u00a0 (mai\u00a0 pu\u0163in\u00a0 de\u00a0 un\u00a0 an)\u00a0 \u00eenainte\u00a0 de\u00a0 alegeri<\/strong>.\u00a0 Chiar\u00a0 \u00een\u00a0 absen\u0163a\u00a0 unei\u00a0 inten\u0163ii\u00a0 de\u00a0 manipulare,\u00a0 modific\u0103rile\u00a0 vor\u00a0 fi\u00a0 dictate\u00a0 de\u00a0 interesele\u00a0 iminente ale partidului politic<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"66\">\n<li><em> Una din modalit\u0103\u0163ile de evitare a manipul\u0103rilor ar fi <strong>definirea \u00een Constitu\u0163ie<\/strong> sau \u00eentr-un text superior legii ordinare\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>a\u00a0\u00a0 elementelor\u00a0\u00a0 celor\u00a0\u00a0 mai\u00a0\u00a0 sensibile<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 (sistemul\u00a0\u00a0 electoral\u00a0\u00a0 propriu-zis,\u00a0\u00a0 componen\u0163a comisiilor electorale, circumscrip\u0163iile sau regulile de constituire a circumscrip\u0163iilor). <u>O alt\u0103 solu\u0163ie<\/u>, mai flexibil\u0103, ar fi de <strong>a stipula \u00een Constitu\u0163ie c\u0103, \u00een cazul amend\u0103rii legii electorale, vechiul sistem va r\u0103m\u00e2ne aplicabil pe timpul viitoarelor alegeri \u2013 cel pu\u0163in dac\u0103 acestea au loc \u00een anul urm\u0103tor \u2013 \u015fi c\u0103 sistemul nou va aplicat \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu scrutinele ulterioare. <\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"67\">\n<li><em> Pentru restul,\u00a0 dreptul\u00a0 electoral\u00a0 ar\u00a0 trebui\u00a0 s\u0103\u00a0 aib\u0103,\u00a0 \u00een\u00a0 principiu,\u00a0 un\u00a0 rang\u00a0 legislativ.\u00a0 Normele\u00a0 privind\u00a0 implementarea,\u00a0 \u015fi\u00a0 anume\u00a0 cele\u00a0 care\u00a0 reglementeaz\u0103\u00a0 chestiunile\u00a0 de\u00a0 ordin\u00a0 tehnic\u00a0 \u015fi\u00a0 de\u00a0 detaliu, pot fi, totu\u015fi, prezentate sub form\u0103 de\u00a0 regulament.\u00a0 .<\/em>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Singura solu\u021bie, \u00eenc\u0103 o Constitu\u021bie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Legile electorale de la noi \u00eendeplinesc, cel pu\u0163in la nivel formal, o condi\u0163ie din recomandarea Comisiei de la Vene\u0163ia, \u015fi anume aceea c\u0103 legile electorale nu sunt legi ordinare, ci legi organice (deci, sunt la un nivel superior legilor ordinare).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chiar \u015fi cu aceast\u0103 condi\u0163ie \u00eendeplinit\u0103, stabilitatea legisla\u0163iei electorale este destul de \u015fubred\u0103. Am ar\u0103tat mai sus de ce.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Respectarea condi\u0163iei de a nu legifera cu un an \u00eenainte de alegeri cu privire la elementele esen\u0163iale ce \u0163in de alegeri pare a fi destul de greu de respectat \u00een practic\u0103, la noi, principalele argumente invocate de cei ce \u201escurteaz\u0103\u201d termenul fiind c\u0103 \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eendrepte unele gre\u015feli \u015fi s\u0103 democratizeze c\u00e2t mai mult procesul electoral.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Se intr\u0103 astfel \u00eentr-o dilem\u0103 continu\u0103: ce e mai important, respectarea unui termen fix recomandat (1 an) sau crearea, chiar \u015fi \u00een ultimul ceas, a unor condi\u0163ii c\u00e2t mai favorabile desf\u0103\u015fur\u0103rii democratice a procesului electoral?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pentru evitarea dilemelor de acest gen (nu sunt singurele, din p\u0103cate), singura solu\u0163ie care ar putea da roade la noi, cunosc\u00e2ndu-ne efervescen\u0163a \u00een a tot schimba, reforma, revigora, restarta etc. \u00een orice domeniu, inclusiv cel electoral, este tot una recomandat\u0103 de Comisia de la Vene\u0163ia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mai precis, este vorba despre <strong>introducerea \u00een Constitu\u0163ie a unei piedici\/fr\u00e2ne care s\u0103 mai tempereze din zelul modific\u0103rilor de legisla\u0163ie electoral\u0103<\/strong>. Cum se produce aceast\u0103 temperare? Simplu, Constitu\u0163ia se modific\u0103 foarte greu, a\u015fa c\u0103 odat\u0103 introdus\u0103 \u00een Constitu\u0163ie o prevedere care s\u0103 tempereze schimb\u0103rile \u00een materie electoral\u0103, ea nu va mai putea fi nici ocolit\u0103 printr-o alt\u0103 lege, inferioar\u0103 Constitu\u0163iei, \u015fi nici nu va putea fi \u00eenl\u0103turat\u0103, simplu \u015fi repede, din Constitu\u0163ie, ci numai printr-o procedur\u0103 greoaie \u015fi complicat\u0103. De aici, stabilitatea.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A\u015fa cum recomand\u0103 Comisia de la Vene\u0163ia, sunt 2 c\u0103i de <strong><em>asigurare prin Constitu\u0163ie a unei stabilit\u0103\u0163i legislative <\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00een materie electoral\u0103:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1 \u2013 Introducerea \u015fi definirea \u00een Constitu\u0163ie a elementelor celor mai sensibile \u00een materie electoral\u0103 (sistemul\u00a0\u00a0 electoral\u00a0\u00a0 propriu-zis: uninominal sau nu, num\u0103rul de tururi etc., componen\u0163a comisiilor electorale, circumscrip\u0163iile sau regulile de constituire a circumscrip\u0163iilor)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">SAU<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2-\u00a0 Introducerea \u00een Constitu\u0163ie a unei prevederi \u00een sensul c\u0103, \u00een cazul modific\u0103rii legii electorale, vechiul sistem va r\u0103m\u00e2ne aplicabil pe timpul viitoarelor alegeri \u2013 cel pu\u0163in dac\u0103 acestea au loc \u00een anul urm\u0103tor \u2013 \u015fi c\u0103 sistemul nou va fi aplicat \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu alegerile ulterioare.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aceast\u0103 solu\u0163ie, de modificare a Constitu\u0163iei ar elimina, cel pu\u0163in \u00een materie electoral\u0103, tendin\u0163a actual\u0103 din mediul politic, de a invoca sau de a ignora, \u00een egal\u0103 m\u0103sura, \u00een func\u0163ie de interesele fiec\u0103rui grup politic, recomand\u0103rile Comisiei de la Vene\u0163ia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sigur, este nevoie de modificarea (revizuirea) Constitu\u0163iei pentru introducerea acestor garan\u0163ii de stabilitate a legisla\u0163iei electorale. Modificare a Constitu\u0163iei care se face printr-o procedur\u0103 grea \u015fi complicat\u0103, de durat\u0103, \u015fi care, la noi, nu s-a mai f\u0103cut din 2003.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"qtranxs-available-languages-message qtranxs-available-languages-message-en\">Sorry, this entry is only available in <a href=\"https:\/\/apador.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7185\" class=\"qtranxs-available-language-link qtranxs-available-language-link-ro\" title=\"Rom\u00e2n\u0103\">Rom\u00e2n\u0103<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>\n<p>O solu\u0163ie a Comisiei de la Vene\u0163ia pentru stabilitatea legisla\u0163iei electorale<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7174,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[896,501,893,897],"class_list":["post-7185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-buna-guvernare","tag-alegeri-in-doua-tururi","tag-alegeri-locale","tag-comisia-de-la-venetia","tag-legislatie-electorala"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/apador.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7185","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/apador.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/apador.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apador.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apador.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7185"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/apador.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7185\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apador.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7174"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/apador.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7185"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apador.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7185"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apador.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7185"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}